PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL BASES OF EDUCATION

Human Resource Management and Role of Education

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Education for Globlization

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Culture and Its Impact on Education

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philosophy and Education

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National policy of Education

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National Policy of Education-1986

In the words of john Dewey, “ An aim is foreseen end that gives direction to an activity or motivates behavior. All round development has been considered as the first and foremost aim of education. At the same time education ensures that there is a progressive development of innate abilities. Pestalozzi is of the view “Education is natural, harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate powers.” Education enables us to control, give the right direction and the final sublimation of instincts. It creates good citizens. It helps to prepare the kids for their future life. Education inculcates certain values and principles and also prepares a human being for social life. It civilizes the man .Education without an aim is quite meaningless. An aims is a predetermined goal which inspires the willful activities of an individual, after careful thinking and proper planning till it is achieved.In fact, an aim is that predetermined goal which stimulates human activities to achieve it.

Criteria of Good Aims:

John Dewey suggested the following criteria for aims of education:

1. Good aims are related to real situations of life. They grow out of these situations and they can be achieved

Under these situations . 2.Good aims are flexible. These should be flexible enough to meet the demands of changing circumstances of life.3.A good aim represents a span of diverse activity.The real objective in pursuing an end is not the course of activity itself which constitutes the core of education.

Importance of Educational Aims:

· To direct efforts

· To avoid wastage

· To evaluate ourselves

· To evaluate the existing conditions

· Factors Determing Educational Aims:

· Political Ideologies

· Social and Economic Problems

· Prevailing Philosophy of Life

· Higher Ideals of Life

· Religious Ideologies

· Cultural Ideologies

· Psychological Ideology

· Scientific Ideology

· Human Nature

· Exploration of knowledge

· Different aims of Education

Aims of education in Ancient India

· To infuse in the learners piety and religiousness

· To form good character

· To develop the personality fully

· To inculcate the social and civic duties

· To promotes social efficiency and happiness

· To preserve and propgate culture

Aims of Education In Medival India

· Propagation of Islam

· Spread of Education Among Muslims

· Extension of Islamic Kingdom

· Development of Morality

· Building of Character

· Achievement of Material well being

· Aims of Education during British

· Consolidation of British Empire

· Recruitment of clerks

· Spreading English Literature

· Preparing a class of Interpreters of English laws

Aims of Education In Modern Contexts:

· Moral or Character Building

· Culture as aim of education

· Complete living as aim of education

· Harmonious development aim

· Individual development as aim of education

· Social development as aim of education

· Vocational aim of education

· Liberal aim of education

Aims of Education according to Secondary Education Commission

· Development of democratic Citizenship

· Improvement of Vocational efficiency

· Development of Personality

· Development of qualities for leadership

Aims of Education According to Indian Education Commission(Kothari Commission)

· Increasing Productivity

· Promoting social and national integration

· Accelerating the process of Modernisation

· Cultivating social ,Moral and spiritual Values

Explanation of Some Educational aims;

Individual Aims of Education

Development of an individual - physically, mentally and spritually is well known aim of education. Objectives related to this aim of individual development have been expressed in various ways :

- Developing physical and mental faculties

- Acquiring the capacities of understanding, appreciation and expression through word and act, are the fundamental aims of education

- Aim of education should be to make children self- confident and self dependent, and to make them strong physically and mentally

- Education is meant to develop every child's character, personality and culture and as much knowledge as the child can assimilate not merely memorize.

The best expression of complete development of an individual and the harmonious development of personality, however, is found in the following paragraph.The policy should be directed to the aim of enlightenment of head and heart; illumination of consciousness for all round development of individual personality. Education should enable a human being to attain the greatest possible harmony, internal and external, spiritual and material, for the fullest possible development of human potentialities and capacities.

. Social Aims of Education

Social, aim of education in equally important because an individual lives in society and has his obligations towards his nation. There is a realisation that, "The present education system does riot yield required results mainly because it is divorced from the real social content and social goals".It has, therefore, been suggested that education should be able, to discharge its natural functions and must correspond to its structure, goals and content in the interest of national development and social progress. It has also been suggested in this connection that students from young age should be made aware of the social responsibility cast on them.Individual and social aims of education area not contrary to one another. In fact they are complementary to one another. The following view strikes a balance between individual and social aims of education.The purpose of education should be the development of the fullest possible capacities and potentialities physical and spiritual of a `total man'. It should make a man capable of earning his livelihood reasonably well to enjoy a happy and secure life while making effective contributions to the society and national effort of making India strong# advanced and prosperous.

Modernisation

Modernisation of society in terms of scientific and technological advancement is a view which seems to be quite popular. It is though that education should enable us to move with times and attain excellence in, science and technology. To quote an expression of this kind.Scientific and technological advances are, gaining momentum and conscious efforts are made to incorporate them into the development sectors. This calls for modernisation of education in order to make. it in conformity with the modern times and to keep pace, with the advances in the world.

Modernisation, however, is not interpreted and equated with westernisation. In fact, lot of emphasis is given to `Indianness' while talking about modernisation. One of the suggestions explicitly points out that, hour education should integrate and unite the people of India, modernise society while preserving what is authentically Indian in our cultural and spiritual heritage".The following suggestion beautifully reconciles the twin objectives of modern technical sophistication and the ancient spirituality."New education policy of India should be built on the foundation of ancient spirituality and modern culture and technical sophistication. It should develop scientific temper and spirit of enquiry in the students".

Increasing Productivity

Some documents have insisted on linking education with productivity and thus making individuals as productivie citizens to build a productive society. One of the suggestions, in a memorandum, for example, says. "It should bring about a social transformation, and enhance greater efficiency and productivity in all sectors : agri- cultural, industrial and service". It is in this context that Mahatma Gandhi's system of basic education is still considered as a basically sound system and a suggestion has been made that with necessary modification elements of basic education may form part of education not only at the primary stage but at all stages in our national system of education. These elements are:

1. Productive activity in education.

2. Correlation of the curriculum with productive activity and physical and social environment.

3. Intimate contact between the school and the local community.

Community Participation

In a democracy education without community participation is barren. This aim of education is, therefore voiced by a number of groups and organisations. The change that is envisaged on this front is that of Integrating education with community in all respects. To quote a suggestion in this regard:

The education system in all its branches and sectors should get itself involved in activities related to problems of local Community life and shall thus endeavour through the desirable community participation community involvement in the educational field to bring all education of its rightful place in community life.

. Cultivation of Values

moral, cultural and spiritual values in education have been given immense importance in the Memoranda documents. One of the expressions emphatically point out that, "certain basic values as respect for others, responsibility, solidarity, creativity and integrity must be fostered in our children".It is interesting that a number of specific values have been suggested in the documents. The values which are considered important are mentioned below:

Emphasis should be given in cultivating good qualities like cooperation, good will, forgiveness, tolerance, honesty, patience etc. in order to encourage universal brother-hood and to prepare students worthy citizens of the country.Values of optimism and secularism, and service to the poor should be stressed on the young minds.

Aims of Education Recommended By National Policy of Education 1986

All Round Development:Science Education,Work Experience,vocationalization of secondary education,Technical & Management education,Mass Media and Educational technology,Games and Physical Education,Environmental Education,Value Education

Development of socialism,secularism and democracy

Development of Manpower

International Co-operation and Peaceful co-existence

Cultivating Moral and ethical values

Life long education

National System of Education:

· Comman Educational structure

· Based on a national curricular frame

· International understanding

· Providing equal opportunities

· Developing understanding of diversecultural and social system

· Understanding universal character of universities

· Special emphasis on research and development

· National Support for implementing educational programmes

Education for Equality

· Women Education

· Education of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes

· Education for Minorities

· Education for Handicapped

· Promotion of adult education

Distance Education

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DISTANCE EDUCATION-CONCEPT,NEED , IMPORTANCE &MODES

Introduction:Technical and scientific advancements and playing a unique role in the field of education.Population explosion on one side and knowledge explosion on the other side are big threats to humanity.In India of today,large number of people are illiterate.Making suitable arrangements for educating them has been a challenge.Ever since India got Independence.plans have been prepared to make more and more people literate.Universal compulsory and free education upto the age of fourteen years has been the slogan of our country.strong efforts have been made to achieve desired goals but authorities have not been successful in it.The simple reson being poverty of people and most of children of poor people are out of school. The problem of illiteracy is getting multiplied due to population explosion.making people literate has been a problem but explosion of knowledge has further increased the problem. In such a situation finding out the right ways and means to overcome the problem is the major issue before the authorities.In the era of technology distance education is the chief slogan to remedy the grave problem.

Distance education is characterized by non traditional and non conformist approach, which in fact, questions the traditional formal system with regards to its effectiveness and validity. It attempts to provide a new orientation to educational process. It assumes premises about the nature of learning that are vastly different from those that govern the traditional system of education.Distance education is an outcome of certain historical,social compulsion and technological growth: it is a system which firmly related to social and cultural environments.

Concept of Distance Education:

“Distance education is a mode of learning with certain characteristics which distinguish it from the campus-based mode of learning.”- Jack Foks

“ Distance education is a method of indirect instruction ,implying geographical and emotional separation of teacher and taught, whereas,in main-stream education the relationship between a teacher and students in the class-room is based upon social norms; in distance education,it is based upon technological rules.”-Peters

Characteristics of Distance Education:

-Non formal Education,Learner Centred,Indirect education,Mass education,Mass Media,Easy access,Degree or diploma not essential,-Economical

Objective of Distance Education

To improve the standard of knowledge,To make higher education possible,To make education less expensive,To provide wider opportunities,To develop skills,To extend further knowledge,To make education easily accessible,To expand mental horizon,To bring meaning to life,To provide opportunities to backward sections

Need/ Importance of Distance Education

Promotion of Democratic Aspiration,Easily Accessible,For socially disadvantage people,For geographically disadvantage people,Earning while learning,Varied Needs,Provision of maximum educational opportunities,Updating of knowledge,Promotes self improvement,Social isolation,For different ages,Explosion of Knowledge,Universal education,Population Explosion,Desire to Improve Qualification,Self Improvement

Merits of Distance Education

Flexible system,Progress at own speed,Self learning,Improvements of Skills,Use of remote areas,For various categories of persons,Economical Method,Any Level,Supplement,New courses,Opportunities for higher education,Universalisation of education ,Lectures of efficient teachers,Study in privacy,Relevant,Lust of Knowledge,A boon for Adults,Provision of freedom,Fulfill educational needs,Minimises educational presumes,Makes education less expensive,Promotes equality,Improves Talent

Demerits of Distance Education

Limited Study material,No feed Back,No proper equipments,No suggestions,Limited Reach,PCP’s in a slip Shad manner,Stereo typed courses,No frequent review,No adequate means,Limited awareness,No suitable discussion,Lack of activities,No practical Experience,Absence of Teacher

Modes of Imparting Distance Education

Correspondence Education,Open system of Learning,Radio,Television,SITE(Satellite instructional television experiments,INSAT-B(Indian National Satellite)

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AGENCIES OF EDUCATION
Formal Agencies
•E.g. Schools, Colleges and Universities
•Agencies are pre-conceived and pre-planned.
•They are governed by rules and regulations.
•Developed as per the needs of the society.
•They have their own system.
Informal Agencies
•E.g. Home/Family, Community, School, State, Voluntary Organisations, Mass media.
•They are formed in the natural course of development.
•Not pre-conceived or pre-planned.
•Not governed by set rules or regulations.
Non-Formal Agencies
•E.g. Alternative Learning Systems. (Out of School institutions)
•Their status is in between formal and the informal agencies of education.
ROLE OF AGENCIES IN EDUCATION
Home/Family
•It is an informal as well as an active agency of education.
•Definition-- “By family we mean a system of relationship existing between parents and children.”
•Characteristics-- Universal, Limited Size, Centre of Social organisation, Innate tendencies as a
basis of family, Constructive influences, Responsibility, Cradle of Social values and Permanent
/Institution.
•Types-- Joint family and Nuclear family.
•Role in Education -
Physical development.
-Development of intellectual interests and abilities.
-Development of character (values).
-Religious education.
-Social development.
-Development of aesthetic interests.
Community
•It is an informal and active agency of education.
•Definition – “A community is a group settled in a area and bound together with more or less
common practices, ideals, values and culture.”
•Types – Population--Rural and urban, Basis of Profession, Nature of environment– Primary and
Secondary, Basis of Locus– Local and Non-local.
•Role in Education – Community has great potential to play an important part in education as, i. it
has finance, ii. Has customs, traditions and experiences which are educative, iii. Group
associations like peers, youth organisations, clubs etc which children join for recreation or
learning.
Financing education.
Control of Formal Education.
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Provision of Informal Education Media.
Community Values.
State
•It is an informal but passive agency of education.
•Definition – “Is an organised political community with the government recognised by the
people.”
•Types –Each state tries to influence and control education in order to fulfil its needs. States may
be broadly classified as under;
i. Totalitarian State: State is considered to be supreme and omnipotent in all fields of life. It has
absolute control over its citizens. Therefore it requires absolute control over education for the its
advancement and existence .
ii. Democratic State: The powers of the state are limited and well-defined. The state gives power to
its citizens by decentralisation, where people are responsible for their own welfare. The state
provides opportunities for the citizens to plan and execute the plans for their development and
happiness.
•Role in Education –
Provision of schools, colleges and institutes of higher learning.
Compulsory education up to a certain age.
Providing aims and objectives of education.
Curriculum Planning.
Providing financial assistance.
Control and supervision.
Incentives for private enterprise.
Research and In-service education.
School
•It is an active and formal agency of education.
•Definition – “ IT is an institution devised by civilised man for the purpose of aiding in the
preparation of the young to be well-adjusted and efficient members of society.”
•Characteristics -- Importance given to Child’s Personality, Emphasis on Social and Moral values,
Practical Knowledge, Community by itself, They conserve and transmit social heritage.
•Role in Education -- The role of schools in education can be broadly classified as academic, cocurricular
and administrative;
Intellectual development.
Cultivation of dynamic and adjustable adults.
Development of citizenship.
Development of character.
Physical Education.
Promotion of mental health.
Social and Civic development.
Emotional development
Preparation for Economic independence.
Mass Media
•It is an informal but passive agency of education.
•Definition – “When a message is communicated to a mass audience by many means, it is termed
as mass media.”
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•Types -- Movies/Films, Radio, Television, Press/ Newspapers.
•Characteristics – Has multiple use in various fields, wide range of influence, widespread use of
technology, vivid illustrations, able to catch and sustain attention, multi-sensory approach.
•Role in Education –
Provides an opportunity to discuss, ask questions, pause or review material.
Can be used to reward the class
Mass media Can be used to get students to pay attention to the subject matter
Can be used as a disciplinary tool.
The use of Mass Media to create or analyze information .
Videotape or print media as a means to start discussion or stimulate student .
NOTE: Look up individual types of mass media, their adv and disadv.
Voluntary Organisations
•It is a non-formal / informal but active agency of education.
•Definition – “tax-exempt, non-profit organizations working in development activities”.
•Types – Social organisations, Cultural organisations and Religious organisations.
•Characteristics – They are organised by private or public agencies. Cater their programmes and
activities to different age groups. Regular or casual membership, May be local, national or
international.
•Role in Education –
Informal Socialising agencies.
Develop interests, values, cultural pursuits, ethical behaviour patterns and a code of conduct.
Learn the spirit of social living, social service and social interests.
Play a role in adult and continuing education.
Provides financial assistance to economically backward students,
Provide basic vocational education to ignored sections of society.
Alternative Learning Systems
• They are non-formal but active agencies of education.
• They arose due to disenchantment with the formal institutions of education; higher
education was not easily available to everyone.
• There was a desire to develop alternative systems that would be less costly, more related to
development, quick results and taking education to all.
• Types – Correspondence Courses, Distance Learning, and Open Learning.
• E.g. NIOS, IDE Depts of Universities, YCMOU, IGNOU.
• Characteristics – open education for one and all, No age bar to pursue education, Study at
own pace, study material is supplied at home, complements/supplements formal learning.
• Role in Education –
-Helps learners to move vertically and horizontally, thus widening range of choice
available to them.
-Flexibility is provided without compelled to give up using educational facilities.
-Learning for life, earn while they learn.
- Meet the needs of a diverse population.